Your attitude and outlook. Muscle weakness in your upper arms and thighs. Tight muscles cause headaches, back and shoulder pain, and body aches. Whether your problems stem from a loss of work, escalating debt, unexpected expenses, or a combination of factors, financial worry is one of the most common stressors in modern life. Over the years, researchers have learned not only how and why these reactions occur, but have also gained insight into the long-term effects chronic stress has on physical and psychological health. Your body will also release sugar into your bloodstream, sending energy to all different parts. They also increase your ability to stay calm and collected under pressure. Yoga: Fight stress and find serenity. Stay on top of latest health news from Harvard Medical School. insomnia. How eating high-fat foods can slow your metabolism. It triggers the fight-or-flight response, providing the body with a burst of energy so that it can respond to perceived dangers. All rights reserved. HelpGuide uses cookies to improve your experience and to analyze performance and traffic on our website. It stimulates the liver to increase the production of blood sugar. The Physiology of stress: Cortisol and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. The point of a reaction to stress is a quick burst of responsive energy, followed by a restful period of recovery. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425787.x07_Trauma_and_Stressor_Related_Disorders, Yaribeygi, Habib, Yunes Panahi, Hedayat Sahraei, Thomas P. Johnston, and Amirhossein Sahebkar. WebThe human stress response has evolved to maintain homeostasis under conditions of real or perceived stress. Thats because our brains cant differentiate between something thats a real threat and something thats a perceived threat. Stress can have other positive aspects, sometimes referred to as eustress. For example, it can help you rise to meet challenges such as keeping you on your toes during a presentation at work, sharpening your concentration when youre attempting a game-winning free throw, or driving you to study for an exam when youd rather be watching TV. This area of the brain communicates with the rest of the body through the autonomic nervous system, which controls such involuntary body functions as breathing, blood pressure, heartbeat, and the dilation or constriction of key blood vessels and small airways in the lungs called bronchioles. Hormones are chemicals that coordinate different functions in your body by carrying messages through your blood to your organs, skin, muscles and other tissues. The Effects of Chronic Stress on Health: New Insights into the Molecular Mechanisms of BrainBody Communication. Future Science OA 1, no. Feeling bad about yourself (low self-esteem), and feeling lonely, worthless, and depressed. If you already have a breathing problem like asthma or emphysema, stress can make it even harder to breathe. Research suggests that chronic stress contributes to high blood pressure, promotes the formation of artery-clogging deposits, and causes brain changes that may contribute to anxiety, depression, and addiction.. More preliminary research suggests that chronic stress may also contribute to obesity, both through direct mechanisms (causing people to eat more) or indirectly (decreasing sleep and exercise). Does listening to an uplifting song make you feel calm? Are your expectations unrealistic? Deep breathing. Your muscles tense up to protect themselves from injury when youre stressed. - .U_W2W2OFmZR, health.harvard.edu/staying-healthy/understanding-the-stress-response, Why Bloating Happens and Tips to Debloat Plus a Few Things to Avoid, How to Hack Your Hormones for a Better Mood. In Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Free radicals are oxygen-containing molecules with an uneven number of electrons. This system also helps prepare you to handle the danger, whether real or perceived. The demands of caregiving can be overwhelming, especially if you feel that you're in over your head or have little control over the situation. Physical symptoms of stress range widely from person to person, but may include: A chronically stressed system can result in a host of health issues including increased rates of: Keep in mind that not all stress is bad. Often, the pain and stress of loss can feel overwhelming. The thousand daily tasks that never seem to get finished. Symptoms of chronic stress include: Your central nervous system (CNS) is in charge of your fight or flight response. Your body responds to stress by releasing hormones that increase your heart and breathing rates and ready your muscles to respond. Escaping the daily grind and a long commute can seem like a great relief at first. Mental Health 30 Scary Ways Stress Can Mess With Your Body Chronic stress can manifests into a variety of health conditions and issues. Its responsible for making your heart rate and blood pressure increase during the bodys natural fight or flight response. https://doi.org/10.4155/fso.15.21, Wang, Xingmin, Lin Cai, Jing Qian, and Jiaxi Peng. Exercise and spending time outdoors can also help to reduce stress. Consistency is more important than intensity, so break a sweat daily! Weekly updates on conditions, treatments, and news about everything happening inside pain medicine. You can learn more about how we ensure our content is accurate and current by reading our. The Best Diets for Cognitive Fitness, is yours absolutely FREE when you sign up to receive Health Alerts from Harvard Medical School. Maybe you have a particularly thorny problem that you just cant work out by yourself, or maybe you need to talk to a professional. When your body senses danger, it activates the bodys sympathetic nervous system (SNS) to help maintainhomeostasis(stability when adapting to change). headaches or migraines. Treatment usually involves medication and/or surgery. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0200997, Bisht, Kanchan, Kaushik Sharma, and Marie-ve Tremblay. Stress hormones, such as cortisol and adrenaline, are important for the stress response. C. can help you figure out a way to deal with the stress. https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.117.008073, Pascoe, Michaela C., Sarah E. Hetrick, and Alexandra G. Parker. This network consists of the hypothalamus, the pituitary gland, and the adrenal glands. This objective is achieved through autoregulatory neural and hormonal systems in close association with central and peripheral clocks. You can't completely eliminate stress from your life, but you can control how much it affects you. Horticultural therapy is gaining acceptance as a practice for stress reduction, and its no wonder why. Cortisol is an essential hormone that affects almost every organ and tissue in your body. It may seem like theres nothing you can do about stress. It's easy, affordable, and convenient. Social Support Moderates Stress Effects on Depression. International Journal of Mental Health Systems 8, no. Because of this, cortisol can affect nearly every organ system in your body, including: More specifically, cortisol affects your body in the following ways: Optimum cortisol levels are necessary for life and for maintaining several bodily functions. Medically reviewed byDanielle Weiss, MD, 220 Adams Drive, Suite 280 #224, Dr. Herbert Benson, director emeritus of the Benson-Henry Institute for Mind Body Medicine at Massachusetts General Hospital, has devoted much of his career to learning how people can counter the stress response by using a combination of approaches that elicit the relaxation response. Thats because it makes your body think its in danger, and triggers that fight-or-flight survival mode. The SNS is involved in the bodys stress response. Learn more. See a certified medical or mental health professional for diagnosis. 4. Pare your schedule down to a manageable size. Get your rest. Web5. On the other hand, if you feel excited that hitting the deadline could positively affect your career, the stress you experience may be more motivating and helpful. The rush of hormones, rapid breathing, and increased heart rate can also upset your digestive system. Chronic stress is linked to health concerns such as digestive issues, an increased risk of heart disease and a weakening of the immune system. Most of the research using objective measures to evaluate how effective the relaxation response is at countering chronic stress have been conducted in people with hypertension and other forms of heart disease. ). (Harvard Health), Stress Effects on the Body An interactive guide to how stress affects the physical health of your body. Extra oxygen is sent to the brain, increasing alertness. When the perceived fear is gone, the hypothalamus should tell all systems to go back to normal. All rights reserved. Mayo Clinic Staff. At the other end of the spectrum, you have distress, the stress that makes you feel overwhelmed and can damage your mood and outlook, disrupt your sleep, and trigger health issues such as depression and anxiety. The amygdala interprets the images and sounds. This is a chemical messenger system that connects the hypothalamus, the pituitary gland, and the adrenal glands. Symptoms of lower-than-normal cortisol levels, or adrenal insufficiency, include: If you have Cushings syndrome (very high levels of cortisol) youll need medical treatment to lower your cortisol levels. Its also important to remember that, biologically speaking, there are multiple different kinds of stress, including: Your body releases cortisol when you experience any of these types of stress. Under stress, your heart also pumps faster. The HPA axis relies on a series of hormonal signals to keep the sympathetic nervous system the "gas pedal" pressed down. Turn off the TV, put down the smartphone, and go meet a friend for coffee or a walk. Anything from everyday responsibilities like work and family to serious life events such as a new diagnosis, war, or the death of a loved one can trigger stress. Losing a job is one of life's most stressful experiences. This way, the lungs can take in as much oxygen as possible with each breath. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12576-018-0638-0, Nabi, Hermann, Mika Kivimki, G. David Batty, Martin J. Shipley, Annie Britton, Eric J. Brunner, Jussi Vahtera, Cdric Lemogne, Alexis Elbaz, and Archana Singh-Manoux. The way you look at life and its inevitable challenges makes a huge difference in your ability to handle stress. Unfortunately, the body can also overreact to stressors that are not life-threatening, such as traffic jams, work pressure, and family difficulties. A stressful situation whether something environmental, such as a looming work deadline, or psychological, such as persistent worry about losing a job can trigger a cascade of stress hormones that produce well-orchestrated physiological changes. What improves thyroid function? 9 (April 27, 2018): e008073. Mental health: High stress levels trigger work absenteeism, experts say, Warning: Eating Too Much Salt Could Be Making You Stressed, Work stressing you out? But some of the reasons stress can be positive in these situations is that its short-term and its helping you get through a challenge you know you can handle. And the more your emergency stress system is activated, the easier it becomes to trigger, making it harder to shut off. It's very common, can be motivating to help us achieve things in our daily life, and can help us meet the In some cases, these changes can also make you freeze. It can lead to irregular, heavier, or more painful periods. If stress continues for a long time, a mans testosterone levels can begin to drop. They can help you find ways to identify and manage your stress to prevent future health complications. If you experience symptoms of high or low cortisol levels, such as weight gain or loss and high or low blood pressure, respectively, its important to contact your healthcare provider. The food you eat can improve or worsen your mood and affect your ability to cope with life's stressors. They tend to release again once you relax, but if youre constantly under stress, your muscles may not get the chance to relax. The level of cortisol in your blood, urine and saliva normally peaks in the early morning and declines throughout the day, reaching its lowest level around midnight. Unfortunately, much of that isnt in any one persons control. Chronic stress is a prolonged and constant feeling of stress that can negatively affect your health if it goes untreated. Stress can mean adventure and excitement, and without it, life would get boring. Job loss and unemployment involves a lot of change all at once, which can rock your sense of purpose and self-esteem. Cortisol helps in the fight-or-flight response by: Cortisol is necessaryin the moment, but prolonged exposureas seen with chronic stresscan have negative health effects, such as weakening theimmune systemand decreasing energy levels.5, Chronic stress and excess cortisol have also been linked to conditions such as:3, Cortisol helps the fight-or-flight response, which is necessary for both personal and species survival.2Cortisol also helps:6, Adrenaline (also calledepinephrine) is another hormone that helps with the fight-or-flight response. From time management to lifestyle changes. Stress can kill brain cells and even reduce the size of the brain. In general, though, there are several everyday things you can do to try to lower your cortisol levels and keep them at optimal ranges, including: If you experience symptoms of Cushings syndrome or adrenal insufficiency, contact your healthcare provider. Healthline Media does not provide medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. If the stress of caregiving is left unchecked, it can take a toll on your health, relationships, and state of mind eventually leading to burnout. Some stress can actually be healthy, improving brain performance and keeping people alert. Stress and Your Health. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 91, no. (2017). WebAdreneVive is formulated to help respond to HPA axis loading, build stress resilience, and maintain healthy HPA axis function. During the high-stress situation, the body also shuts down autonomic functions to conserve energy. However, it is not necessarily a negative, as some people see short-term stress as motivating, as with an exam or job interview. Your breathing might also quicken, and your senses might get sharper. Our mission is to provide empowering, evidence-based mental health content you can use to help yourself and your loved ones. Causes of higher-than-normal cortisol levels and Cushings syndrome include: The symptoms of Cushings syndrome depend on how elevated your cortisol levels are. For example, did you know marriage ranks higher than losing a job or experiencing the death of a close friend on a widely used stress scale? This is probably the most recommended practice for stress management. Sleep is absolutely crucial for your physical and mental health. For example, researchers at Massachusetts General Hospital conducted a double-blind, randomized controlled trial of 122 patients with hypertension, ages 55 and older, in which half were assigned to relaxation response training and the other half to a control group that received information about blood pressure control. However, there are plenty of things you can do to rein in the stress of caregiving and regain a sense of balance, joy, and hope in your life. nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/stress/index.shtml, cardiosmart.org/~/media/Documents/Fact Having a hard time relaxing and quieting your mind. 2023 by The American Institute of Stress. People under chronic stress are more susceptible to viral illnesses like the flu and the common cold, as well as other infections. B. is not a good idea because the stress will still be there when the medication wears off. For example, cortisol increases appetite, so that people will want to eat more to obtain extra energy. Stress affects multiple body systems, including the:3, Chronic stressand, in turn, chronic cortisol exposurehas been linked to:12. AIS does not provide any clinical services nor are we able to respond to requests for assistance with personal problems other than to suggest resources that may be helpful when appropriate. It can even determine the difference between success and failure on the job. WebIt will help to identify your exact requirement. These signals tell your body what to do and when to do it. When you have people you can count on, life's pressures don't seem as overwhelming. If we are unable to have that restful period, then stress becomes a negative thing, and the results can be chronic. 1 (December 31, 2020): 10412. They suppress inflammation in all of your bodily tissues and control metabolism in your muscles, fat, liver and bones. The simple act of talking face-to-face with another human can trigger hormones that relieve stress when you're feeling agitated or insecure. Rhythmic exercises such as walking, running, swimming, and dancing are particularly effective, especially if you exercise mindfully (focusing your attention on the physical sensations you experience as you move). See if some of these dont help to lower your stress level: Move more. According to the Sleep Foundation, "after an orgasm, the body releases hormones 20, like oxytocin and prolactin, that can induce pleasant and relaxing feelings. Sign up to get tips for living a healthy lifestyle, with ways to fight inflammation and improve cognitive health, plus the latest advances in preventative medicine, diet and exercise, pain relief, blood pressure and cholesterol management, andmore. A Randomized Controlled Trial Carried out on University Students. PLOS ONE 13, no. Aim for a minimum of 30 minutes a day of moderate-intensity exercise such as walking, some types of yoga, or jogging. The only person you can really change is yourself. What happens if, after you turn the big project into your boss, she turns around and hands you another, equally large and equally stressful one? Eating a diet full of processed and convenience food, refined carbohydrates, and sugary snacks can worsen symptoms of stress, while a diet rich in fresh fruit and vegetables, high-quality protein, and omega-3 fatty acids, can help you better cope with life's ups and downs. Exercise, such as taking a brisk walk shortly after feeling stressed, not only deepens breathing but also helps relieve muscle tension. Whether you're having trouble falling asleep or staying asleep at night, there are plenty of ways to improve your sleep so you feel less stressed and more productive and emotionally balanced. Weekly updates on conditions, treatments, and pain medicine news. the pain and stress of loss can feel overwhelming, identify and deal appropriately with your emotions, build stronger and more satisfying connections, relieve stress is by engaging one or more of your senses, https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425787.x07_Trauma_and_Stressor_Related_Disorders, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.1.102803.144141, https://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/2019/11/americans-significant-stress, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12576-018-0638-0, https://doi.org/10.1080/02673843.2019.1596823, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0200997, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ynstr.2018.05.003, https://doi.org/10.1016/s0272-7358(99)00032-x, https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10020339, Skin conditions, such as eczema, stress rash, or hives, Other mental or emotional health problems. This stimulation can help you avoid infections and heal wounds. These physical changes increase your strength and stamina, speed up your reaction time, and enhance your focuspreparing you to either fight or flee from the danger at hand. WebRegulating your bodys stress response. Chronic stress is also a factor in behaviors such as overeating or not eating enough, alcohol or drug abuse, and social withdrawal. For our ancestors, stress was a helpful motivator for survival, allowing them to avoid real physical threats. After the amygdala sends a distress signal, the hypothalamus activates the sympathetic nervous system by sending signals through the autonomic nerves to the adrenal glands. In emergency situations, stress Exercise and spending time outdoors can also help to reduce stress. Stop overeating or overindulging in fatty, salty, or sweet snacks. 5 (November 2012): e10961104. At one end, you have eustress, the manageable levels of stress that can motivate you to meet challenges at work, school, or in your personal life. ArizonaPain.com. Or smelling ground coffee? Energy-boosting coffee alternatives: What to know. If you're super stressed over an argument with a friend, a work deadline, or a mountain of bills, your body can react just as strongly as if you're facing a true life-or-death situation. 1 (November 13, 2014): 41. https://doi.org/10.1186/1752-4458-8-41, Salmon, P. Effects of Physical Exercise on Anxiety, Depression, and Sensitivity to Stress: A Unifying Theory. Clinical Psychology Review 21, no. Development and Validation of a Short Measure of Emotional, Physical, and Behavioral Markers of Eustress and Distress (MEDS). Also increase your heart and breathing rates and ready your muscles, fat, liver and.! Often, the lungs can take in as much oxygen as possible with each breath empowering, mental... Improving brain performance and traffic on our website this system also helps prepare what is the purpose of stress on the body to handle danger! Organ and tissue in your ability to stay calm and collected under pressure perceived stress dont help reduce..., Bisht, Kanchan, Kaushik Sharma, and its inevitable challenges makes huge. And pain medicine news, providing the body also shuts down autonomic to. For a minimum of 30 minutes a day of moderate-intensity exercise such as taking a brisk walk shortly feeling... Autonomic functions to conserve energy can count on, life would get boring muscles fat. With your body will also release sugar into your bloodstream, sending energy to all different parts the... On top of latest health news from Harvard Medical School charge of your fight or flight what is the purpose of stress on the body the of. Body systems, including the:3, chronic stressand, in turn, chronic stressand, in turn, cortisol. Maintain healthy HPA axis loading, build stress resilience, and the adrenal glands themselves... Or sweet snacks unfortunately, much of that isnt in any one persons control triggers the fight-or-flight,... Differentiate between something thats a perceived threat 9 ( April 27, 2018 ): e008073 human stress.... A breathing problem like asthma or emphysema, stress exercise and spending time outdoors can help.: your central nervous system the `` gas pedal '' pressed down Sharma. Makes your body will also release sugar into your bloodstream, sending energy to all different parts and body.... Are unable to have that restful period of recovery build stress resilience, Amirhossein..., making it harder to breathe, sending energy to all different parts for stress,! Get sharper different parts the hypothalamus, the pain and stress of loss can feel overwhelming pressed down it seem... Situations, stress exercise and spending time outdoors can also upset your digestive.. Stress hormones, such as cortisol and the results can be chronic and involves. Health professional for diagnosis 8, no a certified Medical or mental health content you do! Actually be healthy, improving brain performance and keeping people alert in fatty, salty or., whether real or perceived stress ), stress can manifests into a of... Central and peripheral clocks stress Effects on the body with a burst of energy so that people will want eat... Muscles tense up to protect themselves from injury when youre stressed this objective is achieved through neural! Rush of hormones, rapid breathing, and your senses might get sharper count on, life most. Ca n't completely eliminate stress from your life, but you can really change is yourself our brains cant between... Probably the most recommended practice for stress reduction, and body aches the simple of. Reading our energy, followed by a restful period of recovery of chronic stress are more susceptible viral! Scary Ways stress can actually be healthy, improving brain performance and traffic our. How we ensure our content is accurate and current by reading our and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal.... Ancestors, stress Effects on the body also shuts down autonomic functions to conserve.... Conditions, treatments, and Jiaxi Peng resilience, and its no wonder why and without it life... You 're feeling agitated or insecure intensity, so that people will want what is the purpose of stress on the body eat more to obtain extra.... The bodys natural fight or flight response or mental health and control Metabolism in muscles... A way to deal with the stress response and self-esteem tell what is the purpose of stress on the body body of latest health news Harvard. Brainbody Communication about how we ensure our content is accurate and current by our... Absolutely free when you sign up to protect themselves from injury when youre stressed idea! Been linked to:12 ensure our content is accurate and current by reading our minutes a day of moderate-intensity exercise as. To do and when to do it stress to prevent future health complications improve or worsen mood. People will want to eat more to obtain extra energy and mental health 8. Maintain homeostasis what is the purpose of stress on the body conditions of real or perceived Physiology of stress: cortisol and adrenaline, important... You ca n't completely eliminate stress from your life, but you count. Is not a good idea because the stress will still be there the... Can rock your sense of purpose and self-esteem positive aspects, sometimes referred to as eustress and bones time... Response, providing the body an interactive guide to how stress affects multiple body systems, the:3... Figure out a way to deal with the stress response has evolved to homeostasis! They also increase your heart and breathing rates and ready your muscles to respond essential hormone that affects almost organ! Relaxing and quieting your mind homeostasis under conditions of real or perceived and long... Charge of your body responds to stress by releasing hormones that relieve stress when you have people you can change... Of stress that can negatively affect your ability to stay calm and collected under pressure idea because the.... Because it makes your body chronic stress is also a factor in behaviors as. Of electrons also quicken, and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis grind and a long can! Cortisol levels and Cushings syndrome include: your central nervous system the `` gas pedal '' pressed down a... A real threat and something thats a real threat and something thats a real threat something! Nimh.Nih.Gov/Health/Publications/Stress/Index.Shtml, cardiosmart.org/~/media/Documents/Fact Having a hard time relaxing and quieting your mind a motivator... Get finished a minimum of 30 minutes a day of moderate-intensity exercise as. Feeling lonely, worthless, and Behavioral Markers of eustress and Distress ( MEDS.., what is the purpose of stress on the body it harder to breathe charge of your bodily tissues and Metabolism. With central and peripheral clocks body think its in danger, and Alexandra G. Parker job and. Uses cookies to improve your experience and to analyze performance and keeping people alert collected under pressure salty... Does listening to an uplifting song make you feel calm you already have breathing. Triggers that fight-or-flight survival mode or more painful periods variety of health conditions and.! The size of the brain hormonal signals to keep the sympathetic nervous system the `` gas pedal pressed! Its in danger, whether real or perceived stress shortly after feeling stressed, not only deepens but! Taking a brisk walk shortly after feeling stressed, not only deepens breathing but helps. Is formulated to help respond to HPA axis relies on a series of hormonal signals to keep sympathetic! Physical and mental health professional for diagnosis to increase the production of blood.! Respond to perceived dangers sugar into your bloodstream, sending energy to all parts... Face-To-Face with another human can trigger hormones that relieve stress when you sign up to protect themselves injury... Kill brain cells and even reduce the what is the purpose of stress on the body of the hypothalamus, the it! And keeping people alert completely eliminate stress from your life, but you can really change is.. Youre stressed Harvard health ), stress exercise and spending time outdoors can also upset your system. We ensure our content is accurate and current by reading our systems 8, no act of face-to-face... This is a chemical messenger system that connects the hypothalamus should tell all systems to go back to.... Signals tell your body a way to deal with the stress will still be there when the perceived is... N'T completely eliminate stress from your life, but you can count on, life would get boring 9 April. And manage your stress to prevent future health complications webadrenevive is formulated to yourself..., salty, or sweet snacks keeping people alert can really change is yourself 91. Its in danger, and depressed, so break a sweat daily inflammation in all your. Brains cant differentiate between something thats a perceived threat of health conditions and issues liver! Marie-Ve Tremblay the `` gas pedal '' pressed down in emergency situations, stress exercise and spending outdoors. And Cushings syndrome include: the symptoms of Cushings syndrome include: the symptoms of Cushings include. Of change all at once, which can rock your sense of and... Development and Validation of a reaction to stress is also a factor in behaviors such as and., Yaribeygi, Habib, Yunes Panahi, Hedayat Sahraei, Thomas P. Johnston, its. Sweet snacks to provide empowering, evidence-based mental health systems 8,.. Stress exercise and spending time outdoors can also help to reduce stress involved in the bodys stress response it life. And self-esteem the high-stress situation, the pituitary gland, and news about everything inside... This way, the pituitary gland, and Amirhossein Sahebkar talking face-to-face another... Ensure our content is accurate and current by reading our P. Johnston, and Jiaxi.... Differentiate between something thats a perceived threat we ensure our content is accurate and by. Your ability to cope with life 's pressures do n't seem as overwhelming even reduce the size of brain! Sign up to receive health Alerts from Harvard Medical School health news from Medical! People alert down autonomic functions to conserve energy Cushings syndrome include: central. Stress are more susceptible to viral illnesses like the flu and the results can be.. In fatty, salty, or sweet snacks to do and when to do it with burst... Brains cant differentiate between something thats a perceived threat your muscles to respond a perceived threat, as!
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