In people with arterial aneurisms such a high pressure may provoke their rupture. Problems with Physiological function Theory This does Ribeiro S, Goyal V, Mello CV, Pavlides C. Brain gene expression during REM sleep depends on prior waking experience. Hobson JA. the apparitions. According to this author, in children at the age of two, when the hippocampus, which is still in the process of development at birth, becomes functional, REM sleep takes on its interpretive memory function (134). General Learning Press, 1970. Proposed by Harvard psychiatrists J. Allan Hobson and Robert McCarley in 1977, the theory posits that dreams are your brains attempts to make sense of random patterns of firing neurons while you slumber. Neurology 1999;53:2193-5. Exp Brain Res 1989;74:11-23. 14. Braz J Med Biol Res 1990;23:617-20. Science 1953;118:273-4. Afferent transmission in the somesthetic pathways is inhibited during desynchronized sleep (45-47) and may be the main reason of the powerful inhibition of stretch reflexes in desynchronized sleep. Hobson, Pace-Schott & Stickgold (2000) do not take into consideration that a single object or a brief key fact or image occurring in the day preceding a given dream may be enough to trigger an entire dreamed "story" related to it (120). WebThis theory also implies that dreams are not independently functional but rather a coproduct of the sleeping brain, reflecting the dreamers physiological and psychological Madsen PC, Holm S, Vorstup S, Friberg L, Lassen NA, Wildschiotz LF. John Wiley and Sons, New york 1982. Mol Brain Sci 1995;32:211-20. 66. As commented upon concerning visual movements, the span of rostrum movements does probably reflect the distance of the olfactory source. WebWhen a person entered rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, it activates circuits within the brain stem. Timo-Iaria C. Early research on dreaming. In more recent years several approaches confirmed these findings (89). Longitudinal studies. The posterior areas affected in this syndrome are the visual areas V3, V3a and V4 (97). 29. Such a configuration is subsequently compared to memorized patterns and then, and only then, it can be identified by means of the conscious process. Physiology and Psychology. Confrontations Psychiatriques 1986;27:153-81. Role of pontine tegmentum for locomotor control in mesencephalic cat. Science 1978;201:269-72. 99. Schmidek WR, Hoshino K, Schmidek M, Timo-Iaria C. Influence of environmental temperature on the sleep-wakefulness cycle in the rat. doi: 10.1093/nc/nix009. Rothschuch KR. San Diego, 1973. Oka T, Iwakiri H, Mori S. Pontine-induced generalized suppression of postural muscle tone in a reflexively standing acute decerebrate cat. Peyrethon J, Dusan-Peyrethon D. tude polygraphique du cycle veille-sommeil chez trois genres de rptiles. The result of such conscious identification is a dream. Electrophysiological manifestations of wakefulness and desynchronized sleep in the rat. 24. Heiss W-D, Pawlik G, Herholz K, Wagner R, Weinhard K. Regional cerebral glucose metabolism in man during wakefulness, sleep, and dreaming. 130. The command character of theta waves is probably the reason why such potentials occur almost simultaneously in different brain structures. The hyperventilation that results from hypoxia is diminished during desynchronized sleep (65) but there are no reports regarding changes in blood oxygenation while dreaming activity is occurring. 113. 71. The reason why when we dream we are walking we do not get out of the bed and really walk, or when we dream we are talking to someone we do not really talk, is that neural circuits located in the neighborhood of locus coeruleus, in the pontine tegmentum, inhibit the motoneurons and do not allow the real movements to occur. Behav Brain Res 1995;69:13-22. Induction of rapid eye movement sleep by carbachol infusion into the pontine reticular formation of the rat. Springer Verlag, Frankfurt 1953. Functional neuroanatomy of human rapid-eye-movement sleep and dreaming. Sleep research: pictures from the early years. Chaudhuri A. Neural activity mapping with inducible transcription factors. A dream is a conscious experience that occurs during sleep. The site is secure. De Sanctis, whose main research on sleep was the incorporation of sensory stimulation into dreams, states in his book that "by measuring the pulse and observing the movements in humans and other animals during sleep it is possible to detect the occurrence of dreaming and sometimes even to guess the dream content". Aristotle. Behav Brain Res 1995;69:203-6. Miyauchi et al. According to Hobson, Pace-Schotter & Stickgold (2000), since image studies show activation of "limbic" and "paralimbic" structures of the forebrain during desynchronized sleep, as compared to wakefulness (120,126-128), emotion may be a primary shaper of dream plots, rather than playing a secondary role plot instigation. Hippocrates and Alkmaeon, who discovered that the mind is in the brain, not in the heart, knew that dreams were originated in the brain. Milbrandt J. & Bertini, M. Since evoking visual reminiscences during wakefulness and the building up of dreams with visual information are dependent on the visual cortex, both facts can be correlated. Further developments in neurobiological research, including lesion and brain imaging studies, have established a clearer view of the functional neuroanatomy of REM sleep and dreaming. Despite several demonstrations that this hypothesis is correct, a few argue against such a view. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. 2019 Oct 22;10:1127. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2019.01127. 47. Electroencephal Clin Neurophysiol 1966;21:562-77. Another change of the electro-oscillograms we disclosed in rats by carefully analyzing their time-course while a dream is on (as well as during attentive wakefulness) is the presence of short periods of desynchronization that interrupt or superimpose on theta waves. 83. They found that during the desynchronized phase there occur eye movements, the reason why such phase has been given the name of REM-sleep (14). Around 1860, Kohlschtter, a young medical student in Germany, showed that the threshold to awake humans by auditory stimulation oscillates along the night (4,8). Finally, in 1953 Aserinsky & Kleitman started the present phase of the study of sleep in humans. Roffwarg et al. Pontine cholinergic neurons show fos-like immunoreactivity associated with cholinergically induced REM sleep. Fortunately, thanks to this peculiar incomplete motoneuron inhibition we are able to record movements occurring in both humans and non-human animals and thus infer the presence of dreams. Proc Assoc Res Nerv Ment Dis. Dreams during REM sleep tend to be longer, more vivid, more story-like, and more bizarre than those during NREM sleep. 28. Sleep and dreaming: induction and mediation of REM sleep by cholinergic mechanisms. Esquirol, one of the French psychiatrists who started the revolution that changed the ancient (an cruel) view of the mental diseases, spent several hours at night observing how his patients behaved during sleep and concluded that their movements while asleep were related to their dreams, just as Aristotle had found long ago. Its is noteworthy that Weed & Halam's data, published in 1896, are close to those reported by Rechtschaffen & Buchignani in 1992, which was calculated as the mean of the average of seven different studies published by other authors (40). Klein M, Michel F, Jouvet M. tude polygraphique du sommeil chez les oiseaux. Physiol Behav 1972;8:363-71. 124. Above the transection, synchronized and desynchronized sleep keep occurring but without eye movements. Advances in Sleep Research, vol. During this bright period of the Middle Ages some physicians also reasoned about dreams. Analysis of psychological theories concerning functions of dreams. The earliest theory to emerge, Freuds psychoanalytic theory, takes an observational approach to identifying the function that dreams serve. Freud theorized that dreams are the result of unfulfilled wishes or desires in the subjects life. The hypothesis has been recently put forward by Revonsuo (2000) that the function of dreaming is to simulate threatening events, and to rehearse threat perception and threat avoidance (111). Dream recall and eye movement during sleep and their relation to eye movements, bodily motility and dreaming. There are many hypotheses to account for the existence of dreams but it is still a matter of debate why and what for we dream. Such hypothesis is grounded on the following steps. This statement is incorrect, inasmuch as electro-oscillograms during both states in humans are not so similar as to confound an observer and in rats we have found that theta waves that occur in both attentive wakefulness and in desynchronized sleep are largely different. The motor components of dreams are expressed as clearly different patterns, according to the dream content. This author reported that dream production in human subjects from 3 to 5 years of age was minimal and that the content of the dream reports generally consisted of "static imagery" in the absence of narrative context. Disclaimer. 135. (eds.) 115. In: Antrobus, J.S. Some authors have not been able to find changes in heart rate and respiration during desynchronized sleep (61) but there are striking demonstrations that blood pressure is reduced (figure 6), attaining values as low as 60 mmHg of systolic pressure; heart rate is also reduced and ventilation decreases (38,62). J Neurophysiol 1964;27:152-71. Cole AJ, Saffen DW, Baraban JM, Worley PF. Calkins thus discovered that most dreams occur during the second half of the night and that around 89% of them are closely related to the events occurring the day before, confirming Aristotle. His personal oracle, however, disagreed and convinced him that his dreams were warnings from the gods. One is that dreams are generated by the activation of neural activity in the brainstem and its signal transmission to the cortex. Their data do not depart from modern studies of the same kind. 136. Sakai K, Sastre JP, Salvert D, Touret M, Toyama M, Jouvet M. Tegmentoreticular projections with special reference to the muscular distonia during paradoxical sleep in the cat. The eye movements that occur during desynchronized sleep are equivalent to limb and face twitches occurring during the same phase of sleep and seem to have the same functional meaning. A comparison of presleep and REM sleep thematic content. At 36C, for instance, desynchronized sleep spans to about 10% of time, at 23C it occupies nearly 80% of the time, what has not been explained so far. Forebrain activation in REM sleep: an FDG, PET study. Schmidt MH, Sakai K, Valatrix JL, Jouvet M. The effects of spinal mesencephalic transections on sleep-related erections and ex-copula penile reflexes in the rat. This neural activity is then interpreted by the brain as an internal activity. Web5 Theories on dreaming . Inasmuch as rats do not tell us their dreams, we inferred the kinds of dreams by considering the patterns of movements the animals performed. 94. In cats, Baust (1971) recorded tachycardia starting 1 or 2 seconds before eye movements appear (38). Further studies have shown that the pathways from the alphacoeruleus nuclei to inhibit the motoneurons are rather complex. Heart rate decreases down to nearly 150 bpm 1 or 2 seconds following the cessation of eye movements. The physiological-functioning theory suggests that dreaming works the same way. 2017 May 31;2017(1):nix009. 80. After transection of the brain stem at the pontomesencephalic transition, rostrally to locus coeruleus, desynchronized sleep still occurs below the transection (10,90-93). J Neurophysiol 1938;1:413-30. Herodotus, in his Histories, the first textbook on History ever written, tells that the Persian King Xerxes dreamed quite often about the war he was about to fight against Athens. 27. Pompeiano O. Mechanisms responsible for spinal inhibition during desynchronized sleep. 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